fix(service-appointment): 状态冲突/越权改为 4xx，修并发下 500 与弱断言漏判

CI E2E (live stack) 在 main@63c18d8 上失败：test_appointment_concurrent_safety
并发「用户取消」与「运营确认」得到 [200, 500]。根因是 ServiceAppointmentService
四处状态/权限守卫抛裸 RuntimeException，GlobalExceptionHandler 无对应映射，
只能兜底成 HTTP 500 —— 「预约不存在」「状态不允许」「越权」被报成服务端故障。

改动：
- ServiceAppointmentService：四处守卫改用 BusinessException + ApiResponseCode
  （不存在→404 NOT_FOUND，越权→403 FORBIDDEN，状态冲突→409 REDUNDANT_OPERATION）。
- ReferralService.confirmReferral：同一家族的四条守卫同样收敛（预约/报名的
  不存在、越权、非转介类型）。
- tests/e2e/service_appointment_test.py：把 3 处 `!= 200` 的弱断言收紧为 4xx。
  弱断言会把 500 当成「越权被拒」放行 —— 这正是该缺陷长期未被发现的原因，
  此前只有并发用例的 `< 500` 断言咬了它一口。
- ServiceAppointmentOwnerGuardTest：新增「终态不可再确认/取消」「预约不存在」
  用例，并把越权断言从 RuntimeException 收紧到具体业务码（403）。

验证：
- 定向后端测试 35 passed（ServiceAppointment* / MatchmakerReferralPhase13Test）。
- 本机真实栈（重建 backend 镜像）：service_appointment_test.py 8/8、全量 E2E 65 passed。
- 负向注入（把守卫改回裸 RuntimeException）：2 例精准变红，工作区哈希前后一致。

backend/src/main/java/com/danyang/match/platform/referral/service/ReferralService.java

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import com.danyang.match.platform.permission.mapper.OperatorMapper;
 import com.danyang.match.platform.service_appointment.entity.ServiceAppointment;
 import com.danyang.match.platform.service_appointment.mapper.ServiceAppointmentMapper;
 import com.danyang.match.platform.shared.constant.Constants;
+import com.danyang.match.platform.shared.enums.ApiResponseCode;
+import com.danyang.match.platform.shared.exception.GlobalExceptionHandler.BusinessException;
 import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
@@ -126,12 +128,26 @@ public class ReferralService {
         return result;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * 用户确认转介（预约 / 活动报名）。
+     *
+     * <p>拒绝路径统一走 {@link BusinessException}（带语义化业务码 → 4xx），
+     * 不再用裸 {@code RuntimeException}：后者在 {@code GlobalExceptionHandler}
+     * 只会命中兜底分支变成 HTTP 500，「无权操作」被报成服务端故障。
+     */
     @Transactional
     public Map<String, Object> confirmReferral(String userId, String targetId, String targetType) {
         if ("service_station".equals(targetType)) {
             ServiceAppointment appt = appointmentMapper.selectById(targetId);
-            if (appt == null || !userId.equals(appt.getUserId())) throw new RuntimeException("预约不存在或无权操作");
-            if (!Constants.REFERRAL_SOURCE_MATCHMAKER_REFERRAL.equals(appt.getSource())) throw new RuntimeException("该预约不是转介类型");
+            if (appt == null) {
+                throw new BusinessException(ApiResponseCode.NOT_FOUND, "预约不存在");
+            }
+            if (!userId.equals(appt.getUserId())) {
+                throw new BusinessException(ApiResponseCode.FORBIDDEN, "无权确认他人的转介预约");
+            }
+            if (!Constants.REFERRAL_SOURCE_MATCHMAKER_REFERRAL.equals(appt.getSource())) {
+                throw new BusinessException(ApiResponseCode.REDUNDANT_OPERATION, "该预约不是转介类型");
+            }
             appt.setUserConfirmedAt(Instant.now());
             appt.setStatus(Constants.APPOINTMENT_STATUS_PENDING_CONFIRMATION);
             appt.setUpdatedAt(Instant.now());
@@ -144,8 +160,15 @@ public class ReferralService {
             return result;
         } else if ("activity".equals(targetType)) {
             ActivityRegistration reg = activityRegistrationMapper.selectById(targetId);
-            if (reg == null || !userId.equals(reg.getUserId())) throw new RuntimeException("报名不存在或无权操作");
-            if (!Constants.REFERRAL_SOURCE_MATCHMAKER_REFERRAL.equals(reg.getSource())) throw new RuntimeException("该报名不是转介类型");
+            if (reg == null) {
+                throw new BusinessException(ApiResponseCode.NOT_FOUND, "报名不存在");
+            }
+            if (!userId.equals(reg.getUserId())) {
+                throw new BusinessException(ApiResponseCode.FORBIDDEN, "无权确认他人的转介报名");
+            }
+            if (!Constants.REFERRAL_SOURCE_MATCHMAKER_REFERRAL.equals(reg.getSource())) {
+                throw new BusinessException(ApiResponseCode.REDUNDANT_OPERATION, "该报名不是转介类型");
+            }
             reg.setUserConfirmedAt(Instant.now());
             reg.setUpdatedAt(Instant.now());
             activityRegistrationMapper.updateById(reg);

backend/src/main/java/com/danyang/match/platform/service_appointment/service/ServiceAppointmentService.java

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import com.danyang.match.platform.service_appointment.mapper.ServiceAppointmentM
 import com.danyang.match.platform.service_appointment.entity.ServiceAppointment;
 import com.danyang.match.platform.service_appointment.mapper.ServiceLocationMapper;
 import com.danyang.match.platform.shared.constant.Constants;
+import com.danyang.match.platform.shared.enums.ApiResponseCode;
+import com.danyang.match.platform.shared.exception.GlobalExceptionHandler.BusinessException;
 import com.danyang.match.platform.shared.security.DataScopeGuard;
 import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
@@ -134,12 +136,21 @@ public class ServiceAppointmentService {
 
     /**
      * 确认预约（工作人员）
+     *
+     * <p>状态闸门用 {@link BusinessException} + 语义化业务码，**不用裸 RuntimeException**：
+     * 后者落进 {@code GlobalExceptionHandler#handleUnknownException} 变成 HTTP 500。
+     * E2E {@code test_appointment_concurrent_safety} 让「用户取消」与「运营确认」并发，
+     * 落败的一侧必然读到已变更的状态 —— 那是**正常的并发状态冲突**，
+     * 却被旧代码报成 5xx，使调用方（含监控）把「别重试」误读为服务端故障。
      */
     @Transactional
     public ServiceAppointmentDTO confirmAppointment(String appointmentId, String operatorId) {
         ServiceAppointment appt = appointmentMapper.selectById(appointmentId);
-        if (appt == null || !"submitted".equals(appt.getStatus())) {
-            throw new RuntimeException("预约不存在或状态不正确");
+        if (appt == null) {
+            throw new BusinessException(ApiResponseCode.NOT_FOUND, "预约不存在");
+        }
+        if (!"submitted".equals(appt.getStatus())) {
+            throw new BusinessException(ApiResponseCode.REDUNDANT_OPERATION, "预约当前状态不允许确认");
         }
         assertOperatorScope(appointmentId, operatorId);
         appt.setStatus(Constants.APPOINTMENT_STATUS_CONFIRMED);
@@ -162,8 +173,11 @@ public class ServiceAppointmentService {
     @Transactional
     public ServiceAppointmentDTO completeAppointment(String appointmentId, String operatorId) {
         ServiceAppointment appt = appointmentMapper.selectById(appointmentId);
-        if (appt == null || !"confirmed".equals(appt.getStatus())) {
-            throw new RuntimeException("预约状态不正确");
+        if (appt == null) {
+            throw new BusinessException(ApiResponseCode.NOT_FOUND, "预约不存在");
+        }
+        if (!"confirmed".equals(appt.getStatus())) {
+            throw new BusinessException(ApiResponseCode.REDUNDANT_OPERATION, "预约当前状态不允许完成");
         }
         assertOperatorScope(appointmentId, operatorId);
         appt.setStatus(Constants.APPOINTMENT_STATUS_COMPLETED);
@@ -178,8 +192,11 @@ public class ServiceAppointmentService {
     @Transactional
     public ServiceAppointmentDTO cancelAppointment(String appointmentId, String userId, String reason) {
         ServiceAppointment appt = appointmentMapper.selectById(appointmentId);
-        if (appt == null || !userId.equals(appt.getUserId())) {
-            throw new RuntimeException("预约不存在或无权操作");
+        if (appt == null) {
+            throw new BusinessException(ApiResponseCode.NOT_FOUND, "预约不存在");
+        }
+        if (!userId.equals(appt.getUserId())) {
+            throw new BusinessException(ApiResponseCode.FORBIDDEN, "无权操作该预约");
         }
         appt.setStatus(Constants.APPOINTMENT_STATUS_CANCELLED);
         appt.setCancelReason(reason);
@@ -191,9 +208,12 @@ public class ServiceAppointmentService {
     @Transactional
     public ServiceAppointmentDTO cancelAppointmentByOperator(String appointmentId, String operatorId, String reason) {
         ServiceAppointment appt = appointmentMapper.selectById(appointmentId);
-        if (appt == null || Constants.APPOINTMENT_STATUS_COMPLETED.equals(appt.getStatus())
+        if (appt == null) {
+            throw new BusinessException(ApiResponseCode.NOT_FOUND, "预约不存在");
+        }
+        if (Constants.APPOINTMENT_STATUS_COMPLETED.equals(appt.getStatus())
                 || Constants.APPOINTMENT_STATUS_CANCELLED.equals(appt.getStatus())) {
-            throw new RuntimeException("预约不存在或状态不允许取消");
+            throw new BusinessException(ApiResponseCode.REDUNDANT_OPERATION, "预约当前状态不允许取消");
         }
         assertOperatorScope(appointmentId, operatorId);
         appt.setStatus(Constants.APPOINTMENT_STATUS_CANCELLED);

backend/src/test/java/com/danyang/match/platform/service_appointment/ServiceAppointmentOwnerGuardTest.java

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import com.danyang.match.platform.service_appointment.service.ServiceAppointment
 import com.danyang.match.platform.audit.entity.AuditLog;
 import com.danyang.match.platform.audit.mapper.AuditLogMapper;
 import com.danyang.match.platform.shared.constant.Constants;
+import com.danyang.match.platform.shared.enums.ApiResponseCode;
+import com.danyang.match.platform.shared.exception.GlobalExceptionHandler;
 import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.core.conditions.query.LambdaQueryWrapper;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
@@ -174,13 +176,65 @@ class ServiceAppointmentOwnerGuardTest {
     @Test
     void userCannotCancelOthersAppointment() {
         ServiceAppointment a = insert(USER_B, Constants.APPOINTMENT_STATUS_SUBMITTED);
-        assertThrows(RuntimeException.class,
+        // 必须断言**具体业务码**，不能只断言 RuntimeException：
+        // 裸 RuntimeException 在 GlobalExceptionHandler 里会兜底成 HTTP 500，
+        // 于是「越权被拒」在调用方与监控眼里变成服务端故障（E2E 曾因此漏判）。
+        GlobalExceptionHandler.BusinessException ex = assertThrows(
+                GlobalExceptionHandler.BusinessException.class,
                 () -> appointmentService.cancelAppointment(a.getId(), USER_A, "越权尝试"),
                 "取消他人预约必须被拒绝");
+        assertEquals(ApiResponseCode.FORBIDDEN, ex.getCode(), "越权取消必须是 403 而非 500");
         assertEquals(Constants.APPOINTMENT_STATUS_SUBMITTED,
                 appointmentMapper.selectById(a.getId()).getStatus(), "越权取消不得改变状态");
     }
 
+    @Test
+    void cancellingUnknownAppointmentIsNotFound() {
+        GlobalExceptionHandler.BusinessException ex = assertThrows(
+                GlobalExceptionHandler.BusinessException.class,
+                () -> appointmentService.cancelAppointment(
+                        UUID.randomUUID().toString(), USER_A, "不存在的预约"));
+        assertEquals(ApiResponseCode.NOT_FOUND, ex.getCode(), "预约不存在必须是 404 而非 500");
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 并发取消/确认的落败方必然读到已变更状态 —— 那是**正常的状态冲突**，必须是 409。
+     *
+     * <p>E2E {@code test_appointment_concurrent_safety} 断言「并发不得出现 5xx」，
+     * CI 上确实咬出过一次 `[200, 500]`：确认请求读到 cancelled 后抛裸 RuntimeException。
+     * 此处把该路径在单测层锁死，避免只有并发时序才暴露。
+     */
+    @Test
+    void confirmOnTerminalStatusIsConflictNotServerError() {
+        ServiceAppointment cancelled = insert(USER_A, Constants.APPOINTMENT_STATUS_CANCELLED);
+
+        GlobalExceptionHandler.BusinessException ex = assertThrows(
+                GlobalExceptionHandler.BusinessException.class,
+                () -> appointmentService.confirmAppointment(cancelled.getId(), OPERATOR),
+                "已取消的预约不得再被确认");
+
+        assertEquals(ApiResponseCode.REDUNDANT_OPERATION, ex.getCode(),
+                "状态冲突必须是 409（可判定、不可重试），不能是 500");
+        assertEquals(Constants.APPOINTMENT_STATUS_CANCELLED,
+                appointmentMapper.selectById(cancelled.getId()).getStatus(),
+                "被拒绝的确认不得改动状态");
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    void operatorCancelOnCompletedStatusIsConflictNotServerError() {
+        ServiceAppointment completed = insert(USER_A, Constants.APPOINTMENT_STATUS_COMPLETED);
+
+        GlobalExceptionHandler.BusinessException ex = assertThrows(
+                GlobalExceptionHandler.BusinessException.class,
+                () -> appointmentService.cancelAppointmentByOperator(completed.getId(), OPERATOR, "试图取消"),
+                "已完成预约不得被运营取消");
+
+        assertEquals(ApiResponseCode.REDUNDANT_OPERATION, ex.getCode(), "状态冲突必须是 409 而非 500");
+        assertEquals(Constants.APPOINTMENT_STATUS_COMPLETED,
+                appointmentMapper.selectById(completed.getId()).getStatus(),
+                "被拒绝的取消不得改动状态");
+    }
+
     @Test
     void userListOnlyReturnsOwnAppointments() {
         insert(USER_A, Constants.APPOINTMENT_STATUS_SUBMITTED);

tests/e2e/service_appointment_test.py

@@ -296,22 +296,27 @@ def test_cancel_before_confirmation(api, new_user, station_id):
 
 
 def test_owner_scope_on_detail_and_cancel(api, new_user, station_id):
-    """归属隔离（V1.1 计划第 488 行）：详情与取消只能操作本人预约。"""
+    """归属隔离（V1.1 计划第 488 行）：详情与取消只能操作本人预约。
+
+    断言必须是 **4xx**，不能只写 `!= 200`：后者会把 500 当成「越权被拒」放行。
+    此类服务端错误曾长期被这两处弱断言掩盖（`cancelAppointment` 抛裸
+    RuntimeException → 兜底 500），只有并发用例的 `< 500` 断言才咬了它一口。
+    """
     owner = new_user()
     stranger = new_user()
     created = _create(api, owner["token"], station_id)
 
     detail = api.call("GET", f"/service-appointments/{created['id']}", token=stranger["token"])
-    assert detail.status_code != 200, (
-        f"他人不得读取我的预约详情（实际 HTTP {detail.status_code}）"
+    assert 400 <= detail.status_code < 500, (
+        f"他人读取我的预约详情应被 4xx 拒绝（实际 HTTP {detail.status_code}）"
     )
 
     cancel = api.call(
         "POST", f"/service-appointments/{created['id']}/cancel",
         token=stranger["token"], json={"reason": "越权取消"},
     )
-    assert cancel.status_code != 200, (
-        f"他人不得取消我的预约（实际 HTTP {cancel.status_code}）"
+    assert 400 <= cancel.status_code < 500, (
+        f"他人取消我的预约应被 4xx 拒绝（实际 HTTP {cancel.status_code}）"
     )
 
     still = _by_id(api, owner["token"], created["id"])
@@ -325,6 +330,8 @@ def test_operator_cannot_cancel_completed(api, new_user, operator_token, station
 
     这是 `cancelAppointmentByOperator` 明确实现的规则（拒绝 completed / cancelled），
     与用户侧不校验状态形成对照 —— 仅断言**已实现**的那一侧。
+
+    断言 4xx 而非 `!= 200`：状态冲突应当是 409，不是 500。
     """
     user = new_user()
     op_token = operator_token(STATION_OPERATOR)
@@ -338,8 +345,8 @@ def test_operator_cannot_cancel_completed(api, new_user, operator_token, station
         "POST", f"/service-appointments/operator/{created['id']}/cancel",
         token=op_token, json={"reason": "试图取消已完成预约"},
     )
-    assert resp.status_code != 200, (
-        f"已完成预约不得被运营取消（实际 HTTP {resp.status_code}: {resp.text[:200]}）"
+    assert 400 <= resp.status_code < 500, (
+        f"已完成预约不得被运营取消，且必须是 4xx（实际 HTTP {resp.status_code}: {resp.text[:200]}）"
     )
 
     final = _by_id(api, user["token"], created["id"])